Which factor typically leads to deeper learning in academic contexts?

Intrinsically motivated learners tend to engage more deeply with the material, as they are driven by an internal desire to learn, explore, and understand the subject matter. This type of motivation fosters a sense of ownership over their learning, leading them to invest more time and effort in academic tasks. When students find a subject interesting and feel personally connected to it, they are more likely to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving, and creative exploration. This can result in a more profound understanding of the content and a greater ability to apply concepts in various contexts.

In contrast, extrinsic motivation driven by external rewards can lead to superficial learning, as students may focus more on the rewards than on the process of learning itself. Similarly, external pressures from peers often emphasize social dynamics rather than genuine interest in learning. Lastly, standardized testing results typically prioritize compliance and performance over intrinsic engagement, creating an environment where the emphasis is on meeting external benchmarks rather than fostering a deep understanding of the material.